Ntawm cov cuab tam zoo kawg nkaus ntawm sab hnub poob, ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov peb hu ua "western science". Nws yog daim ntawv ntawm kev paub uas ua rau Industrial Revolution ua tau. Tab sis ua ntej Western science, ces parallel rau nws, muaj thiab muaj kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tib neeg lub neej. Saib xyuas cov xwm txheej hauv ntuj tsim (thiab haiv neeg) nws yog ib tug yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg lub siab. Txhua pawg tib neeg muaj kev coj noj coj ua (thiab sab ntsuj plig), în care se reflectă această cunoaștere. Thiab hu ua kab lis kev cai, adică tezaurul cunoștințelor, los ua lub hauv paus ntawm qee cov khoom qub lossis qee cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais zaub mov, ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab lwm yam kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Raws li kab lus, există și ceea ce s-ar numi proto-limbaj, uas yog, ib tug system ntawm lub suab los yog postural cov cim qhia uas qhia cov lus. Thiab zoo li txhua hom kab lis kev cai, qhov kev paub no yog kis ... kab lis kev cai.
Nrhiav ib txoj kev mus ntses rau termites, ua los ntawm ib tug poj niam chimpanzee (contrary to common prejudices, uas kuj nkag mus rau hauv cov nkauj ntawm bands xws liTaxi, poj niam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hluas, lawv feem ntau ua kev tshawb nrhiav lossis kev tsim kho hauv primates feem ntau, tsis yog chimpanzees xwb), nws yog tsim nyog los ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg, leej twg kawm technology, thiab yog hais tias nws exploitation tseem ecologically ua tau, uas yog, pab pawg nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawd lossis ib qho uas muaj xwm txheej zoo sib xws, Kuv kuj muab nws rau cov me nyuam. Muaj qhov piv txwv nto moo ntawm Japanese macaques uas tau kawm ntxuav cov qos yaj ywm qab zib ua ntej noj lawv, ces, ua tastier, ntxuav lawv hauv hiav txwv.
Tab sis dab tsi ua rau hu ua Western science tshwj xeeb? Ntawm lwm tus kws sau ntawv, Sandra Harding hauvYog Science Multicultural? Postcoloniaisms, Feminism, thiab Epistemologies, nce lub universality ntawm scientific kev paub. Los ntawm nws phau ntawv tawm tswv yim hais tias qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Western science yuav yog dab tsi yuav txhais rau hauv kev ntshaw rau kev paub, nrhiav tau ntawm txhua hom kev paub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov colonized sawv daws yuav. Zoos thiab botanical vaj tau tsim los nrhiav thiab siv hom tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag tshiab. Ironically ib tug yuav xav yog tias muaj kev xav tau rau tib neeg zoos ib yam nkaus. Cov neeg ntawm thaj chaw colonized raug coj los ntawm kev quab yuam, tsis kam mus rau tej yam climatic yam, tab sis kuj… nrog lawv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev cog qoob loo, piv txwv. qhev, tam sim no raws li nyob rau hauv Antiquity, nws tsis yog siv tes ua haujlwm xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib tus neeg tsim nyog rau txoj haujlwm uas nws yuav tsum ua. Qee zaum kev txawj ntse heev…
Tab sis kev siv dag zog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev paub ntawm cov cheeb tsam tsis txwv rau qhov ntawd. Txhua yam kev paub uas siv tau tau txais. Thiab ntau npaum li cas inventions thiab discoveries tau coj los ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab dhau mus! Hais txog kev tshawb pom kev kho mob nkaus xwb, zoo li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov tshuaj tua kab mob (!), tratamentul malariei… Multe lucruri banale, uas peb kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv lossis tsev kawm qib siab, lawv tuaj ntawm cov kab lis kev cai nyob deb. Nyob rau hauv classical Is Nrias teb muaj ib tug grammarian nto moo, Panini (între secolele VI și IV î.e.n.). nws hais dab tsi? Nws yog zoo li mundane rau linguists raws li tus lej lej nrog nws cov cim cuam tshuam, uas kuj tuaj ntawm Is Nrias teb, txawm tias los ntawm Islamic kwj, ua ntej European colonial empires.
Thaum nws los txog science, Cov neeg European tsis yog haiv neeg tsawg, haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg "inferior"., uas txwv tsis pub yuav tsum muaj kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev coj noj coj ua zoo dua, lawv tseem zoo txaus los daws cov teeb meem tsis muaj kev daws teeb meem nyob rau sab hnub poob. Western science yog khaws cia, unprejudiced thiab nws conquests yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug industrial scale. Vim li cas? Tej zaum vim tias ntau ntawm nws tau kho los ntawm cov neeg uas tsis yog kws tshawb fawb, tab sis taug kev, cov tub lag luam, cov thawj coj, diplomats, tub rog, cov neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj thiab mob siab rau, ntshaw kev nplua nuj thiab koob meej.
Rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau muaj kev txhawb siab, tus economic. Kev paub tau txais nyiaj los ntawm nws cov apps. Kev paub muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom, tsis yog sab ntsuj plig. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yuav yog nws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Știința a devenit occidentală după ce a suferit o mutație importantă: dim ntawm kev ntseeg, ntawm sab ntsuj plig, txawm los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm Plato lub tswv yim. Thawj biology treatise suav hais tias niaj hnub coj cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov tsiaj, yam tsis muaj cov lus qhia txog kev coj ncaj ncees li niaj zaus ntawm kev ua haujlwm dhau los. Tsiaj txhu muaj morphology thiab physiology, tsis yog tus cwj pwm zoo.
Kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no suav tias yog pib nrog Galileo. Tej zaum peb yuav xav tias lub Koom Txoos tau cuam tshuam los ntawm nws cov tswv yim tsis yog vim lawv tsis sib cav txog lub Koom Txoos txoj kev tshawb fawb, tab sis Galileo thiab lwm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm tau tshwm sim los nrog ntau hom kev tshawb fawb, dim ntawm txoj kev ntseeg, tsis yog ntseeg Vajtswv xwb, tiam sis ntawm txhua yam kev ntseeg.
Nws yog ib yam tshiab, tsis yog nyob hauv Europe xwb. Galileo lub dav hlau inclined tsuas yog lub dav hlau inclined xwb, tsis muaj lwm lub ntsiab lus. Tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim hauv cov cai no! Yog cov saw hlau dawb huv tau tawg, thiab ntawm no nws tsis yog hais txog qhov nqaim ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv xwb, kev paub yuav tawg, muab suav tsis txheeb, zoo li kev ua si. Kev paub, precisely vim nws muaj nqis, nyob rau hauv feem ntau haiv neeg, nws muaj feem xyuam rau lub supernatural, uas ua rau nws muaj kev coj noj coj ua zoo tshaj qhov peb hu ua natural laws. Eskimos muaj cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus rau kev tsim lub igloo, tab sis cov ntsuj plig ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov lus qhia hauv tsev. Hauv kab lis kev cai uas kev paub txuas nrog rau cov dawb ceev, koj ua tsis tau txhua yam kev paub, koj tshawb tsis tau txhua yam, txawm tsis muaj txoj cai ntawm lub Koom Txoos nrog nws qhov kev nug. Txawm hais tias science yeej ib txwm txuas nrog lub tswv yim, Kev sib txuas ntau dhau nrog metaphysics sib npaug txwv nws. Cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab qhov zais ntawm dodecahedron ua ib qho zoo meej, uas yuav tsum tsis muaj nyob, raws li cov Greeks thaum ub!
Nws yog ib qho zoo siab coincidence uas niaj hnub kev tshawb fawb pib nyob rau hauv siab nrog mechanics, uas tsim ib tug qauv rau lwm yam sciences thiab. Lub ntiaj teb yog ib tug mechanism uas yuav tsum tau deciphered. Kev poob ntawm lub Koom Txoos tau pab. Koom Txoos, cov tuam tsev muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev paub tseem ceeb, xws li cov ntsig txog astronomy. Los ntawm cov Babylonians, Cov neeg Suav, mus rau Aztecs, kev txav ntawm cov hnub qub nyob saum ntuj yog txoj haujlwm ntawm cov pov thawj pib.
Tab sis nyob rau hauv centuries tsis ntev los no, lub liberation ntawm dawb ceev sciences tsis yog ib yam. Biology, yog cov pov thawj (suav nrog Charles Darwin muaj kev cob qhia theological), nws dim nws tus kheej los ntawm kev ntseeg uas nyuaj heev. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau tus neeg tsis ntseeg Vajtswv hauv zej zog, thiab cov tswv yim evolutionary tau tshwm sim ntau xyoo ua ntej Darwin phau ntawv "Nyob rau hauv Keeb Kwm ntawm Hom los ntawm Kev Xaiv Ntuj, los yog Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv Kev Tawm Tsam rau Kev Nyob" (suav nrog nws yawg, Erasmus Darwin, nws lees paub evolution), kev ntshai cuam tshuam txog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm creationism, cov lus qhuab qhia nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, ua rau Darwin ncua kev tshaj tawm ntawm phau ntawv. Nws zoo nkaus li coj txawv txawv uas biology yuav tsum nyob twj ywm rau hauv lub supernatural.
Nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias tsis muaj kev paub tsawg, hais tias nws nyuaj rau nrhiav tau ib tug paradigm. Tab sis muaj cov tswv yim nrov tshaj intuitive thiab nrog ib tug ntau naturalistic allure. Piv txwv li, ideea generației spontane, txawm tias fake, xa mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob. Lub neej no yuav tsum hloov zuj zus, kuj raws li lub tswv yim nrov, systematized los ntawm Lamarck. Thiab tseem, Kuv tam sim no tsis tshua muaj kev paub txog biology, tiam sis creationism tsis tau ploj mus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws. Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim?? Cov neeg tsis txaus siab rau txoj kev xav ntawm evolution los ntawm kev xaiv? Peb tuaj yeem lees txais, zoo li tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tias ib txhia tsis lees txais evolution los ntawm kev xaiv, tab sis evolution li no yog ib yam dab tsi uas cov neeg kawm ntawv feem ntau lees txais thaum ntawd. Thiab tam sim no nws zoo li txawm weirer tsis kam txais.
Dar cum „evoluează” știința în general? Thomas Kuhn hauv "Cov Qauv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb" qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb li cas. Sau cov ntaub ntawv, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim thiab kev soj ntsuam, coj mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug paradigm. Kev sim tshiab yog ua raws li nws qhov kev kwv yees, ib co uas confound lub qub paradigm. Ces muaj kev kub ntxhov, thiab tom qab ib pliag, lwm paradigm, muaj peev xwm piav qhia cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, nws hloov lub qub. Kuhn tau tsim cov qauv no raws li kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm qee cov tswv yim tshawb fawb.
Tab sis nws puas tshwm sim zoo li no txhua zaus?? Keeb kwm ntawm inventions qhia tau hais tias lawv cov kev siv yog nyob ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov peev txheej, i.e. peev. James Watt lub cav muaj lub zog sib tw ntau dua, tab sis qhov uas tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov nyiaj tsim nyog. Saib ze ntawm scientific discoveries, ntawm imposing tej tswv yim, coj peb mus rau qhov zoo sib xws. Kev txhawb nqa, tsis yog khoom siv xwb, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb. Xav txog tib qhov kev tshawb pom uas ua rau nws tus kheej hauv ntau lub tebchaws lossis los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb sib txawv. Peb puas tau paub txog Alfred Wallace hnub no?, uas nws tus kheej tuaj txog ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev xaiv ntuj tsim nyob rau hauv evolution, yog Darwin tsis tau ua ib tug txiv neej? Mendel txoj cai, txiv ntawm noob caj noob ces, lawv nteg luam tawm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv, suav nrog Darwin's, rau xyoo lawm. Lawv kev ywj pheej rediscovery, los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, au dus la redescoperirea lui… Mendel.
Kev tshawb fawb yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb tsis yog qhov zoo li los ntawm sab nraud, tab sis ib pawg neeg. Thiab kev cai lij choj kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo zoo li piav qhia txog kev ua tiav ntawm qee lub tswv yim, nrhiav pom, theories thiab lwm yam. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb kev lag luam thiab kev noj qab haus huv tsis suav tias yog kev tshawb fawb hauv kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv tsim los ntawm Karl Popper. Thaum qhov tseeb tsis pom tseeb, yooj yim rau txhua tus tuaj xyuas, cov xwm txheej nyiaj txiag cuam tshuam, social thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev nom kev tswv.
Txawm li cas los, dhau politicization, science muaj lwm yam teeb meem. Peb tuaj yeem tso siab tau tias qhov tseeb yuav yeej thaum kawg? Peb tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias tsawg kawg qee cov tswv yim txuag yuav tsis raug faus mus ib txhis?
Nyob rau hauv cov ntu nram qab no peb yuav nthuav qhia qhov tseeb los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas zoo li ua pov thawj qhov tsis sib xws.
