Monga nkhani zina zasayansi, makamaka ngati zikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa anthu, ndipo makamaka ndi khalidwe laumunthu, ndipo nkhondo ndiyo gwero la zomwe zimatchedwa chinsinsi cha sayansi. Koma kodi nkhondo ndi chiyani?? Kupha anthu amtundu womwewo. N’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zikuchitika??
Choyambirira, zomwe zinadzutsa chidwi chachikulu, ndichifukwa chake mitundu ya anthu ilibe njira zapadera zopewera kupha anzawo. Mu mitundu ina, pa mikangano, anthu sagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zoopsa ndi anzawo. Zithunzi za zinkhanira, nkhanu, ngakhale mbawala zopambana, kupewa kulumidwa, kupha kapena kubaya, amadziwika bwino kwambiri ndipo amawonedwa ngati zitsanzo m'lingaliro la kupeŵa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zili ndi ziwalo zamtundu wako..
Momwe mungayankhire funso ili, otchulidwa nthawi zambiri, pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zingatheke, zoperekedwa mu maphunziro a ethology. Choyamba ndi mtunda umene zida zimapereka, makamaka zozimitsa moto. Mtunda pakati pa omenyanawo umawapangitsa kuti asawonenso zizindikiro zenizeni za kugonjera wotsutsa wofooka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathetsa kumenyana kwa zamoyo zina. Mfuti zinali, m'nthawi yawo adatsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kupha anthu ambiri. Ngati kokha otsutsa awo akanawona chimene icho chafika tsopano, pamene magalimoto oyendetsedwa patali, ngakhale wodzilamulira, sunt trimise să ucidă… Se consideră și acum, kuti chiŵerengero cha ozunzidwa chikanakhala chochuluka kwambiri, ngati mwamunayo sanalinso okhudzidwa ndi chisankho chowombera. Magalimoto ndi psychopathic kuposa psychopaths, kumene asilikali odziwa ntchito amalembedwa. Ngati tiganizira za kutenga nawo mbali kwa makina pankhondo, m’nkhondo zotsiriza zapadziko lapansi (Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi otsiriza), tili ndi chithunzi cha zomwe mtunda pakati pa omenyana angachite. Magalimoto amayambitsa osati mtunda wokha, komanso wamaganizo. Maloboti, ngakhale zitakhala zoyambira kwambiri kuposa m'mafilimu azopeka za sayansi, atsimikizira zenizeni zomwe angachite akamatsogolera ... nkhondo.
Komabe, anthu anaphana kale, ngakhale, pogwira mawu mtolankhani waku America, Joseph Sobran, „bucată cu bucată”. Koma tiyeni tikumbukire: pamlingo wina. Komabe, Chifukwa chiyani?? Un alt motiv important vehiculat ar fi ce se cheamă „pseudospeciație”, ndiko kuti, kuwonongeka kwa alendo kuchokera ku khalidwe la anthu. Ngati nthawi zambiri alendo, adani, sizikuwoneka mosiyana kwambiri (kusankhana mitundu kumapangitsa zinthu kukhala zosavuta!), chikhalidwe ndi mbali yofunika. Aselote anali nyama, anali kungogona pansi, monga kazembe waciroma anaonetsa ankhondo ake. Chotero akanatha kuphedwa popanda chifundo. Nthawi zambiri, mdani ndi nyama chifukwa cha chikhalidwe, chipembedzo kapena machitidwe, miyambo etc. Taboos nthawi zambiri amapemphedwa pankhaniyi. Ndipo ndi miyambo yodabwitsa yotani ya kugonana yomwe yanenedwa kwa Ayuda kapena akuda! Koma chosangalatsa, ndipo anachita chimodzimodzi ndi akhristu/azungu ndi zina zotero. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kwambiri kudziwa chifukwa chake akazi oyera ali ndi agalu akuluakulu pamaso pa Afirika.
Chifukwa china chomwe anthu amapha anthu ena ndi…. Ndikutanthauza bwana kapena mtsogoleri (zauzimu?) tsimikizira asilikaliwo kuti ayenera kupha adaniwo. Ndipo anthu, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, amatha kuphunzitsidwa mosavuta. Momwe zoyesera zimasonyezera, Ana ndi opusa kwambiri kuposa anyani. Pamene anaphunzira kutsegula bokosi mu masitepe angapo, zina zopanda ntchito, anawo anatsatira mwambowo mokhulupirika, kuphatikizapo masitepe osafunika, pamene anyani anawachotsa popanda vuto.
Anthu amaphunzitsidwa mosavuta, zikukhulupiriridwa, ndendende chifukwa cha neoteny, ndiko kuti, kusamalira mikhalidwe ina ya mluza kapena mwana mwa munthu wamkulu. Munthu angaphunzire kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha neoteny iyi. Nkhuku zimamvera, amaphunzira, akuluakulu ndi osasinthika. Neoteny angapangitse anthu kugonjera, Ndapereka, zomwe zikanawathandiza kuphunzira, komanso kukhala kosavuta indoctrinate.
Ceva ce se discută puțin este că oamenii ucid… pentru bani. Anthu ambiri amene pakali pano akuchita nawo nkhondo akuchita zimenezi pofuna ndalama. Ndipo tisaiwale, nkhondo zimabweretsa ndalama. Panopa magulu ankhondo ambiri amapangidwa ndi asilikali ankhondo, asilikali olipidwa, amuna ndi akazi. Ndani akuchita chinthu choterocho tsopano?? Ngati muyang'ana asilikali a US, koma osati kokha, ndizodziwika kuti. Mu lipoti la Lake Victoria, munthu wina wa kuderali wosauka kwambiri anaona njira imodzi yokha yopulumutsira umphaŵi: nkhondo. Chifukwa nkhondo imalipidwa ngakhale kumeneko. Izi zikusonyeza mmene kungakhalire kosavuta kuthetsa nkhondo. Ndi zovuta bwanji, ngati tiganizira za ubale wa zachuma.
Înainte „meseria armelor” era ceva ce îmbrățișau oamenii săraci, ochokera kumadera osauka, phiri, monga Albania zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, Croatia, komanso Greece, kuphatikizapo Atene Yakale. Pambuyo pa nkhondo zoopsa za Marathon ndi Salami, mwina asilikali a Perisiya anagonjetsedwa, koma osati m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Ulamuliro wa demokalase wa ku Atene unazimiririkanso chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri a ku Atene anakhala osunga ndalama kwa….Aperisi. Nkovuta kukhalabe ndi moyo, ngakhale dongosolo labwino la bungwe panthawiyi, mu umphawi.
Anthu amapha chifukwa cha ndalama. Njala. Zaka masauzande ambiri achita zimenezi ndipo akuzichitabe. Ndizosangalatsa kuti m'buku lofalitsidwa panthawi ya ulamuliro wankhanza wa chikomyunizimu („Lumea hitiților” de Margarate Riemschneider) Ndinapeza m'mawu oyamba akutsutsa mfundo imeneyi. Ayi, nkhondo siinamenyedwera chuma, koma chinali chodabwitsa chobwera chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa magulu akuluakulu. Izi ndi zomwe Marxism idaneneratu, kuganiziridwa ndi sayansi (chifukwa Marx ndi Engels ankafuna kumvetsetsa anthu pamaziko a sayansi, pamaso ngakhale akatswiri a zamoyo). Mu chikominisi chinatsatira, malinga ndi kulosera kwa chiphunzitso cha Marxist, pasakhalenso nkhondo. Mwinamwake mu chikominisi chokha, koma zikuwoneka kuti socialism inali isanakonzekere izi, onani anthu aku China ndi Cambodia, a China ndi Soviet. Mwina magulu olamulira m'maboma amenewo ndi omwe anali ndi mlandu ...
Ndi mwachibadwa kupha munthu mnzako? Zikuoneka choncho. azamalamulo, apa ndikutchula katswiri wa zamaganizo Tudorel Butoi, amati aliyense akhoza kupha. Pazifukwa zina, nthawi zambiri podziteteza. Ngakhale pankhondo, ngati nkotheka, mwachiwonekere ambiri anapeŵa kuchichita. Koma si zoona kuti anthu okha ndi amene amaphana. Mikango imatero, anyani amachita izo mu chinachake chomwe chimafanana kwambiri ndi nkhondo yomwe ili kwa ife. Konrad Lorenz spune în cartea lui despre agresivitate „Așa-zisul rău” că de fapt oamenii ucid tocmai că sunt niște ființe atât de slab dotate pentru…a ucide. Alibe njira zochepetsera zotsatira za congeners ndendende chifukwa alibe zida zokayikitsa.. Kusintha kwachisinthiko kunatipanga kukhala zigawenga, ndendende chifukwa ndife anyani oonda.
Kuti abale athu, anyani, iwonso angathe kuchita zimenezi, sizingakhale zodabwitsa. Koma wina anganene kuti mikango ilibe zida zakupha? Malingaliro anga, expusă în „Civilizația foametei” este că motivul este ceea ce popular se numește putere de concentrare, ndiko kuti, kuchepetsa gawo la chidziwitso. Zimakhala ngati simukuwona chilichonse chakuzungulirani, chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimakusangalatsani.
Mwa munthu, monganso nyama zina, pali zoletsa zachilengedwe motsutsana ndi kuvulaza congeners, zomwe zimadziwonetsera osati kokha pozindikira zizindikiro za kugonjera, komanso za vuto lalikulu lomwe munthu angapezeke alimo (ovulala). Anthu ali ndi chopinga chachibadwa chochitira nkhanza zina, zomwe zimagonjetsedwa ndi maphunziro. Ochita masewera a karati amadziwa bwino vutoli. Anthu amaphunzira kunyalanyaza zolimbikitsa izi. Kwa ena ndizosavuta, ena amatha kunyalanyaza mosavuta zolimbikitsa zachilengedwe, ngakhale atakhala ndi chiyambukiro champhamvu chamalingaliro. Mwachisawawa, psychopaths ndi ena mwa anthu awa. Kuchepetsa gawo lachidziwitso ndikosavuta kwa iwo. Osati mwangozi, ma psychopaths nthawi zambiri amakhala osavomerezeka, akazitape (komanso ma CEO kapena madokotala ochita opaleshoni) Pachifukwa ichi, pe lângă alte „calități” ale lor, monga chiopsezo chilakolako. Koma zikuwoneka kuti si ma psychopaths okha omwe ali ndi khalidweli. Ikhoza kukhala khalidwe la anthu omwe amatsata zolinga za nthawi yaitali?
Mikango ndi nyama zomwe zimadutsa pamoto pamasewera. Za nyama, kunyalanyaza mantha a moto, kuphunzira kunyalanyaza mantha awa, ndi machitidwe. Mbali inayi, mikango ndi nyama zimene zimafunika kusaka, pachiswe, ndi amene nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi njala. Kukhoza kuyang'ana pa zolimbikitsa zina, kunyalanyaza ena, zingasonyeze ubwino m'malo awo.
Pansi pazimenezi, kukanakhala kutha kupha anthu mtengo umene akanalipira chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo ena?
Chifukwa chiyani pali nkhanza nyama? Malinga ndi malingaliro ena odziwika bwino (Lorenz), udindo wake udzakhala kuwongolera kuchulukana kwa anthu. Zinyama zimabalalika m'malo chifukwa cha kapena kupewa mikangano. Koma pamapeto pake, zovuta zazachuma ndizomwe zimayambitsa nkhanza. Zinthu zimenezo ndi chakudya kapena mwayi wopeza anthu ogonana nawo, ndi za chuma. Koma monga ndidanenera, nyama zili ndi njira zothetsera mikangano imeneyi, zosavuta kapena zovuta kwambiri, kutengera mitundu. Pali miyambo yeniyeni yomwe imachepetsa chiwawa cha intraspecific (ndiko kuti, nkhanza zowonetsedwa). Chiwawa ndi kulephera kwa khalidwe, cholakwika pakuwongolera kuyanjana. Mitundu ina imatha kukhala yofatsa kwambiri m'nyumba, ngakhale mitundu imeneyo ndi alenje odziwa bwino ntchito (zina canids). Tsoka ilo, anyani akuluakulu sali mwa iwo.
Anyani amaphana mofanana ndi mmene tingati nkhondo, kusunga milingo. Pamene pali kusamvana pakati pa amuna pagulu, pamene kudzikongoletsa sikuwoneka kokwanira, atunci masculii pornesc într-un fel de expediții în afara grupului, zomwe zimabweretsa kuphedwa kwa amuna ena kunja kwa gululo. Chiwawacho ndi chonyanyira, zofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika m'mawonekedwe a lynching. Pamenepa, nkhanza zimathandizira kuti gulu la amuna likhale lolimba, kulimbitsa ubale pakati pawo, sungani kapena kusintha ma hierarchies.
Tikhoza kuganiza kuti udindo umenewu ungakhaleponso mwa anthu? Ndipo, umboni wochuluka umasonyeza kuti likutero. Magulu ena aamuna amakhala ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi a anyani. Sikuti ndi magulu achifwamba apafupi okha amene amachita zinthu ngati magulu a anyani, komanso atsogoleri ena andale amagwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kuwongolera magulu a anthu pakati pawo. Cartea „Capcana lui Tucidide” de Graham Allison pare extrem de transparentă în acest sens. Amalankhula za Russia ndi China ngati zigawenga zapafupi kapena magulu a anyani omwe amayenera kuthetsa utsogoleri wawo wina ndi mnzake kudzera munkhondo.. Zambiri zakale zikuwonetsa dzikolo beta, kuyankhula mu chilankhulo cha ethological, kuukira dziko la alpha, kukhazikitsa utsogoleri watsopano. Monga ngati ndi gulu la agalu ...
Ichi ndi chitukuko, m'mikhalidwe yomwe kuli magulu a alenje omwe amamenyana mu…mphatso? Eibl-Eibesfeldt în „Agresivitatea umană” vorbește de astfel de societăți, ena ali ku Papua New Guinea. Amaweta nkhumba kuti azipereka kwa mabwana omwe amapikisana nawo. Chitonzo choopsa kulandira nkhumba zambiri kuposa zomwe mungapereke!
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, yemwe anali wophunzira wa Konrad Lorenz, akunena kuti madera onse amene anaphunzira anali ndi nkhondo. Koma pali madera omwe ali ndi malingaliro ankhondo (monga athu) ndi madera omwe ali ndi malingaliro a pacific. Omwe ali ndi malingaliro amtendere amakhala ndi miyambo yovuta kwambiri yowongolera kulowa munkhondo kotero kuti nkhondo imakhala yosatheka.. Pakati pa madera omwe ali ndi malingaliro a pacific ndi Inuit. Chifukwa chimodzi cha chikhalidwe cha pacifist chinali chakuti iwo adzakhala osiyana kwambiri, zikanachokera ku mgwirizano wa anthu angapo. Koma m'buku la Eibesfeldt, koma osati mwa ena, nu am văzut o comparație între societățile matriliniare și cele patriliniare, ngati wankhondo wabwino. Inuit, osachepera magulu ena, iwo ndi matrilineal. Ndiko kuti akazi alowa m’malo ndi chuma. M'magulu a matrilineal, ngakhale bwana ndi mkazi, nkhani yankhondo nayonso ndi ya amuna. Kabyles ndi matrilineal, koma wokonda nkhondo, malinga ndi Leo Frobenius (Chikhalidwe cha ku Africa). Koma ambiri, mwina zikhalidwe za matrilineal, ngakhale ankadziwanso nkhondo, mwina anali amtendere kwambiri. Ndipo makamaka, mwina sanali kuchita bwino pankhondo. Ichi chingakhale chifukwa chachikulu chomwe iwo akhala osowa kwambiri. Ambiri, monganso chitukuko cha Kerete, anagonjetsedwa ndi magulu a makolo akale achikale kwambiri, koma okonda nkhondo.
Pali chiyembekezo kwa ife, ngati anyani, kupewa nkhondo m’tsogolo? Ngati bonobos atha kukhala amtendere kwambiri chifukwa cha mgwirizano wachikazi womwe umalepheretsa kuchita zachiwawa, chingakhale chiyembekezo kwa ifenso. Magulu ambiri osaka alenje angakhalenso umboni wakuti anthu akhoza kukhala odekha.. Zosiyanasiyana zawo, komanso njira zomwe adabweretsa kuphatikizapo vuto lankhondo, zimasonyeza kuti chitaganya cha anthu chingasinthike m’njira zambiri.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, madera akumadzulo ayamba kuchepa chiwawa. Kupatula kuchepetsa umphawi, za kusalingana, kuonjezera mlingo wa maphunziro, mwinanso kuonjezera udindo wa amayi pagulu, kuphatikizapo kutenga nawo mbali pa moyo wa chikhalidwe ndi ndale, anali ndi udindo. Akazi amachita nkhondo bwino kwambiri, pakafunika (ngati kale?), monga momwe mbiri ikusonyezera. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti iwo, ngakhale sapanga nkhondo zambiri, amachita bwino kwambiri pounjikana madera. Elizabeth Woyamba ndi Catherine Wamkulu ndi zitsanzo zomveka. Koma mfumukazi zimenezo zinkagwira ntchito m’machitidwe a makolo akale, ndiko kuti, malamulo anapangidwa ndi amuna.
Nkhanza pakati pa anthu zitha kuchepetsedwa pochepetsa chikhalidwe cha amuna (kupangidwa kwa magulu aupandu, okhala ndi mikhalidwe yofanana ndi ya anyani). Koma, monga momwe mbiri ikusonyezera, kuchepetsa chiwawa pakati pa anthu sikutanthauza kupeŵa nkhondo. Mbiri yaposachedwa, osati ku Ulaya kokha, zimasonyeza zosiyana. Japan ndi dziko lamtendere kwambiri. Ndipo anakhala wankhondo wotani nanga m’zaka za zana la 20! Koma ngati pali gulu lankhondo, kumene malamulo ndi maudindo omwewo amagwira ntchito, zinthu sizidzasintha. Mwinamwake kutenga nawo mbali kwenikweni kwa amayi mu ndale, mwinamwake kupanga kuyanjana kwapamwamba ndi ma hierarchies, akhoza kusintha zinthu.
